Merge pull request #1094 from fanatics-live/batch-enqueue

Add BatchEnqueue for pipelined multi-task enqueue

asynq.go

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ type Task struct {
 func (t *Task) Type() string               { return t.typename }
 func (t *Task) Payload() []byte            { return t.payload }
 func (t *Task) Headers() map[string]string { return t.headers }
+func (t *Task) Options() []Option          { return t.opts }
 
 // ResultWriter returns a pointer to the ResultWriter associated with the task.
 //
@@ -471,7 +472,7 @@ func (opt RedisClusterClientOpt) MakeRedisClient() interface{} {
 //	redis://[:password@]host[:port][/dbnumber]
 //	rediss://[:password@]host[:port][/dbnumber]
 //	redis-socket://[:password@]path[?db=dbnumber]
-//	redis-sentinel://[:password@]host1[:port][,host2:[:port]][,hostN:[:port]][?master=masterName]
+//	redis-sentinel://[:password@]host1[:port][,host2:[:port]][,hostN:[:port]][/dbnumber][?master=masterName]
 func ParseRedisURI(uri string) (RedisConnOpt, error) {
 	u, err := url.Parse(uri)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -545,11 +546,20 @@ func parseRedisSocketURI(u *url.URL) (RedisConnOpt, error) {
 func parseRedisSentinelURI(u *url.URL) (RedisConnOpt, error) {
 	addrs := strings.Split(u.Host, ",")
 	master := u.Query().Get("master")
+	var db int
+	var err error
+	if len(u.Path) > 0 {
+		xs := strings.Split(strings.Trim(u.Path, "/"), "/")
+		db, err = strconv.Atoi(xs[0])
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("asynq: could not parse redis sentinel uri: database number should be the first segment of the path")
+		}
+	}
 	var password string
 	if v, ok := u.User.Password(); ok {
 		password = v
 	}
-	return RedisFailoverClientOpt{MasterName: master, SentinelAddrs: addrs, SentinelPassword: password}, nil
+	return RedisFailoverClientOpt{MasterName: master, SentinelAddrs: addrs, SentinelPassword: password, DB: db}, nil
 }
 
 // ResultWriter is a client interface to write result data for a task.

asynq_test.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
@@ -148,6 +149,23 @@ func TestParseRedisURI(t *testing.T) {
 				SentinelPassword: "mypassword",
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			"redis-sentinel://localhost:5000,localhost:5001,localhost:5002/3?master=mymaster",
+			RedisFailoverClientOpt{
+				MasterName:    "mymaster",
+				SentinelAddrs: []string{"localhost:5000", "localhost:5001", "localhost:5002"},
+				DB:            3,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"redis-sentinel://:mypassword@localhost:5000,localhost:5001,localhost:5002/7?master=mymaster",
+			RedisFailoverClientOpt{
+				MasterName:       "mymaster",
+				SentinelAddrs:    []string{"localhost:5000", "localhost:5001", "localhost:5002"},
+				SentinelPassword: "mypassword",
+				DB:               7,
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -188,6 +206,10 @@ func TestParseRedisURIErrors(t *testing.T) {
 			"non integer for db numbers for socket",
 			"redis-socket:///some/path/to/redis?db=one",
 		},
+		{
+			"non integer for db number for sentinel",
+			"redis-sentinel://localhost:5000/abc?master=mymaster",
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -198,3 +220,30 @@ func TestParseRedisURIErrors(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestTaskOptions(t *testing.T) {
+	opts := []Option{
+		MaxRetry(3),
+		Queue("critical"),
+		Timeout(5 * time.Minute),
+	}
+	task := NewTask("mytask", []byte("payload"), opts...)
+
+	got := task.Options()
+	if len(got) != len(opts) {
+		t.Fatalf("task.Options() returned %d options, want %d", len(got), len(opts))
+	}
+	for i, o := range opts {
+		if got[i].String() != o.String() {
+			t.Errorf("task.Options()[%d] = %v, want %v", i, got[i], o)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTaskOptionsNil(t *testing.T) {
+	task := NewTask("mytask", []byte("payload"))
+	got := task.Options()
+	if got != nil {
+		t.Errorf("task.Options() = %v, want nil for task with no options", got)
+	}
+}

client.go

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ package asynq
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"maps"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -60,6 +62,7 @@ const (
 	TaskIDOpt
 	RetentionOpt
 	GroupOpt
+	HeaderOpt
 )
 
 // Option specifies the task processing behavior.
@@ -86,6 +89,7 @@ type (
 	processInOption time.Duration
 	retentionOption time.Duration
 	groupOption     string
+	headerOption    [2]string
 )
 
 // MaxRetry returns an option to specify the max number of times
@@ -217,6 +221,27 @@ func (name groupOption) String() string     { return fmt.Sprintf("Group(%q)", st
 func (name groupOption) Type() OptionType   { return GroupOpt }
 func (name groupOption) Value() interface{} { return string(name) }
 
+// Header returns an option to associate the key-value header to the task.
+//
+// This option is composable with other Client options and can be used together
+// with other options like MaxRetry, Queue, etc. For use cases where headers
+// need to be combined with other options, using Header option is recommended.
+//
+// Alternatively, NewTaskWithHeaders can be used to create a task with headers
+// directly, which may be preferable when headers are an intrinsic part of the
+// task definition rather than enqueue-time configuration.
+func Header(key, value string) Option {
+	return headerOption{key, value}
+}
+
+func (h headerOption) String() string {
+	var bytes []byte
+	bytes, _ = json.Marshal(h)
+	return fmt.Sprintf("Header(%s)", bytes)
+}
+func (h headerOption) Type() OptionType   { return HeaderOpt }
+func (h headerOption) Value() interface{} { return [2]string{h[0], h[1]} }
+
 // ErrDuplicateTask indicates that the given task could not be enqueued since it's a duplicate of another task.
 //
 // ErrDuplicateTask error only applies to tasks enqueued with a Unique option.
@@ -237,6 +262,7 @@ type option struct {
 	processAt time.Time
 	retention time.Duration
 	group     string
+	headers   map[string]string
 }
 
 // composeOptions merges user provided options into the default options
@@ -251,6 +277,7 @@ func composeOptions(opts ...Option) (option, error) {
 		timeout:   0, // do not set to defaultTimeout here
 		deadline:  time.Time{},
 		processAt: time.Now(),
+		headers:   make(map[string]string),
 	}
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		switch opt := opt.(type) {
@@ -290,6 +317,9 @@ func composeOptions(opts ...Option) (option, error) {
 				return option{}, errors.New("group key cannot be empty")
 			}
 			res.group = key
+		case headerOption:
+			key, value := opt[0], opt[1]
+			res.headers[key] = value
 		default:
 			// ignore unexpected option
 		}
@@ -385,7 +415,7 @@ func (c *Client) EnqueueContext(ctx context.Context, task *Task, opts ...Option)
 		ID:        opt.taskID,
 		Type:      task.Type(),
 		Payload:   task.Payload(),
-		Headers:   task.Headers(),
+		Headers:   maps.Clone(task.Headers()),
 		Queue:     opt.queue,
 		Retry:     opt.retry,
 		Deadline:  deadline.Unix(),
@@ -394,6 +424,12 @@ func (c *Client) EnqueueContext(ctx context.Context, task *Task, opts ...Option)
 		GroupKey:  opt.group,
 		Retention: int64(opt.retention.Seconds()),
 	}
+	if len(opt.headers) > 0 {
+		if msg.Headers == nil {
+			msg.Headers = make(map[string]string)
+		}
+		maps.Copy(msg.Headers, opt.headers)
+	}
 	now := time.Now()
 	var state base.TaskState
 	if opt.processAt.After(now) {
@@ -420,6 +456,142 @@ func (c *Client) EnqueueContext(ctx context.Context, task *Task, opts ...Option)
 	return newTaskInfo(msg, state, opt.processAt, nil), nil
 }
 
+// BatchEnqueueResult holds the result of enqueuing a single task within a batch.
+type BatchEnqueueResult struct {
+	TaskInfo *TaskInfo
+	Err      error
+}
+
+// BatchEnqueueContext enqueues multiple tasks in a single Redis pipeline round-trip,
+// returning a per-task result slice aligned with the input tasks slice.
+//
+// # Atomicity Guarantees
+//
+// There is no all-or-nothing guarantee across the batch. Each task is executed as
+// an independent Lua script inside a Redis pipeline. Individual scripts are atomic
+// (the existence check, hash write, and list/sorted-set push for one task cannot
+// be partially applied), but the pipeline as a whole is not wrapped in a
+// MULTI/EXEC transaction. This means:
+//
+//   - Partial success is possible: some tasks may be enqueued while others are not.
+//   - A task whose ID already exists in Redis is silently skipped (treated as a
+//     no-op by the Lua script), and its result will still show success.
+//   - If the Redis pipeline call itself fails (e.g. connection lost, context
+//     cancelled), every task that passed client-side validation receives that
+//     error — none of them can be assumed to have been enqueued.
+//
+// # Validation Errors (pre-pipeline)
+//
+// The following are caught before any Redis call and rejected in the
+// corresponding BatchEnqueueResult.Err without affecting other tasks:
+//
+//   - nil task
+//   - empty task type name
+//   - invalid options
+//   - group tasks (not supported in batch mode)
+//   - unique tasks (not supported in batch mode)
+//
+// # Supported Task Types
+//
+// Immediate and scheduled (via [ProcessAt] or [ProcessIn]) tasks are supported.
+// Group and unique tasks are rejected as described above.
+func (c *Client) BatchEnqueueContext(ctx context.Context, tasks []*Task, opts ...Option) []BatchEnqueueResult {
+	results := make([]BatchEnqueueResult, len(tasks))
+	if len(tasks) == 0 {
+		return results
+	}
+
+	type itemMeta struct {
+		state     base.TaskState
+		processAt time.Time
+	}
+
+	items := make([]base.BatchEnqueueItem, 0, len(tasks))
+	itemIndexes := make([]int, 0, len(tasks))
+	itemMetas := make([]itemMeta, 0, len(tasks))
+
+	for i, task := range tasks {
+		if task == nil {
+			results[i] = BatchEnqueueResult{Err: fmt.Errorf("task cannot be nil")}
+			continue
+		}
+		if strings.TrimSpace(task.Type()) == "" {
+			results[i] = BatchEnqueueResult{Err: fmt.Errorf("task typename cannot be empty")}
+			continue
+		}
+		merged := append(task.opts, opts...)
+		opt, err := composeOptions(merged...)
+		if err != nil {
+			results[i] = BatchEnqueueResult{Err: err}
+			continue
+		}
+		if opt.group != "" {
+			results[i] = BatchEnqueueResult{Err: fmt.Errorf("batch enqueue does not support group tasks")}
+			continue
+		}
+		if opt.uniqueTTL > 0 {
+			results[i] = BatchEnqueueResult{Err: fmt.Errorf("batch enqueue does not support unique tasks")}
+			continue
+		}
+		deadline := noDeadline
+		if !opt.deadline.IsZero() {
+			deadline = opt.deadline
+		}
+		timeout := noTimeout
+		if opt.timeout != 0 {
+			timeout = opt.timeout
+		}
+		if deadline.Equal(noDeadline) && timeout == noTimeout {
+			timeout = defaultTimeout
+		}
+		msg := &base.TaskMessage{
+			ID:        opt.taskID,
+			Type:      task.Type(),
+			Payload:   task.Payload(),
+			Headers:   task.Headers(),
+			Queue:     opt.queue,
+			Retry:     opt.retry,
+			Deadline:  deadline.Unix(),
+			Timeout:   int64(timeout.Seconds()),
+			Retention: int64(opt.retention.Seconds()),
+		}
+
+		now := time.Now()
+		scheduled := opt.processAt.After(now)
+
+		item := base.BatchEnqueueItem{Msg: msg}
+		var meta itemMeta
+		if scheduled {
+			item.ProcessAt = opt.processAt
+			meta = itemMeta{state: base.TaskStateScheduled, processAt: opt.processAt}
+		} else {
+			meta = itemMeta{state: base.TaskStatePending, processAt: now}
+		}
+
+		items = append(items, item)
+		itemIndexes = append(itemIndexes, i)
+		itemMetas = append(itemMetas, meta)
+	}
+
+	if len(items) == 0 {
+		return results
+	}
+
+	_, err := c.broker.BatchEnqueue(ctx, items)
+	if err != nil {
+		for _, idx := range itemIndexes {
+			results[idx] = BatchEnqueueResult{Err: err}
+		}
+		return results
+	}
+
+	for j, idx := range itemIndexes {
+		info := newTaskInfo(items[j].Msg, itemMetas[j].state, itemMetas[j].processAt, nil)
+		results[idx] = BatchEnqueueResult{TaskInfo: info}
+	}
+	return results
+}
+
 // Ping performs a ping against the redis connection.
 func (c *Client) Ping() error {
 	return c.broker.Ping()

client_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
 	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp/cmpopts"
 	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/base"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/rdb"
+	"github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/testbroker"
 	h "github.com/hibiken/asynq/internal/testutil"
 	"github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
 )
@@ -1339,6 +1341,70 @@ func TestClientEnqueueWithHeaders(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			},
 		},
+		{
+			desc: "Task with header option",
+			task: NewTask("store_data", []byte("data"), Header("channel", "email"), Header("user-id", "bob1234")),
+			opts: []Option{},
+			wantInfo: &TaskInfo{
+				Queue:         "default",
+				Type:          "store_data",
+				Payload:       []byte("data"),
+				Headers:       map[string]string{"channel": "email", "user-id": "bob1234"},
+				State:         TaskStatePending,
+				MaxRetry:      25,
+				Retried:       0,
+				LastErr:       "",
+				LastFailedAt:  time.Time{},
+				Timeout:       defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:      time.Time{},
+				NextProcessAt: now,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {
+					{
+						Type:     "store_data",
+						Payload:  []byte("data"),
+						Headers:  map[string]string{"channel": "email", "user-id": "bob1234"},
+						Retry:    25,
+						Queue:    "default",
+						Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+						Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "Enqueue task with header option",
+			task: NewTask("store_data", []byte("data")),
+			opts: []Option{Header("channel", "email"), Header("user-id", "bob1234"), MaxRetry(5)},
+			wantInfo: &TaskInfo{
+				Queue:         "default",
+				Type:          "store_data",
+				Payload:       []byte("data"),
+				Headers:       map[string]string{"channel": "email", "user-id": "bob1234"},
+				State:         TaskStatePending,
+				MaxRetry:      5,
+				Retried:       0,
+				LastErr:       "",
+				LastFailedAt:  time.Time{},
+				Timeout:       defaultTimeout,
+				Deadline:      time.Time{},
+				NextProcessAt: now,
+			},
+			wantPending: map[string][]*base.TaskMessage{
+				"default": {
+					{
+						Type:     "store_data",
+						Payload:  []byte("data"),
+						Headers:  map[string]string{"channel": "email", "user-id": "bob1234"},
+						Retry:    5,
+						Queue:    "default",
+						Timeout:  int64(defaultTimeout.Seconds()),
+						Deadline: noDeadline.Unix(),
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -1661,3 +1727,209 @@ func TestClientEnqueueWithHeadersAndGroup(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestBatchEnqueueContext_ImmediateTasks(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	tasks := []*Task{
+		NewTask("task1", []byte("payload1")),
+		NewTask("task2", []byte("payload2")),
+		NewTask("task3", []byte("payload3")),
+	}
+
+	results := client.BatchEnqueueContext(context.Background(), tasks)
+	if len(results) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("BatchEnqueueContext returned %d results, want 3", len(results))
+	}
+	for i, res := range results {
+		if res.Err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("results[%d].Err = %v, want nil", i, res.Err)
+		}
+		if res.TaskInfo == nil {
+			t.Errorf("results[%d].TaskInfo is nil, want non-nil", i)
+			continue
+		}
+		if res.TaskInfo.Queue != "default" {
+			t.Errorf("results[%d].TaskInfo.Queue = %q, want %q", i, res.TaskInfo.Queue, "default")
+		}
+		if res.TaskInfo.State != TaskStatePending {
+			t.Errorf("results[%d].TaskInfo.State = %v, want %v", i, res.TaskInfo.State, TaskStatePending)
+		}
+	}
+
+	gotPending := h.GetPendingMessages(t, r, "default")
+	if len(gotPending) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("len(pending) = %d, want 3", len(gotPending))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchEnqueueContext_ScheduledTask(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	future := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour)
+	tasks := []*Task{
+		NewTask("scheduled_task", []byte("payload"), ProcessAt(future)),
+	}
+
+	results := client.BatchEnqueueContext(context.Background(), tasks)
+	if len(results) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("BatchEnqueueContext returned %d results, want 1", len(results))
+	}
+	if results[0].Err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("results[0].Err = %v, want nil", results[0].Err)
+	}
+	if results[0].TaskInfo == nil {
+		t.Fatal("results[0].TaskInfo is nil, want non-nil")
+	}
+	if results[0].TaskInfo.State != TaskStateScheduled {
+		t.Errorf("results[0].TaskInfo.State = %v, want %v", results[0].TaskInfo.State, TaskStateScheduled)
+	}
+
+	gotScheduled := h.GetScheduledMessages(t, r, "default")
+	if len(gotScheduled) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("len(scheduled) = %d, want 1", len(gotScheduled))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchEnqueueContext_MixedBatch(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	future := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour)
+	tasks := []*Task{
+		NewTask("immediate1", []byte("p1")),
+		NewTask("scheduled1", []byte("p2"), ProcessAt(future)),
+		NewTask("immediate2", []byte("p3")),
+		NewTask("grouped1", []byte("p4"), Group("mygroup")),
+		NewTask("immediate3", []byte("p5")),
+	}
+
+	results := client.BatchEnqueueContext(context.Background(), tasks)
+	if len(results) != 5 {
+		t.Fatalf("BatchEnqueueContext returned %d results, want 5", len(results))
+	}
+
+	// Immediate tasks (indices 0, 2, 4) should succeed with Pending state.
+	for _, idx := range []int{0, 2, 4} {
+		if results[idx].Err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("results[%d].Err = %v, want nil (immediate task)", idx, results[idx].Err)
+		}
+		if results[idx].TaskInfo == nil {
+			t.Errorf("results[%d].TaskInfo is nil, want non-nil", idx)
+			continue
+		}
+		if results[idx].TaskInfo.State != TaskStatePending {
+			t.Errorf("results[%d].TaskInfo.State = %v, want %v", idx, results[idx].TaskInfo.State, TaskStatePending)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Scheduled task (index 1) should succeed with Scheduled state.
+	if results[1].Err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("results[1].Err = %v, want nil (scheduled task)", results[1].Err)
+	}
+	if results[1].TaskInfo != nil && results[1].TaskInfo.State != TaskStateScheduled {
+		t.Errorf("results[1].TaskInfo.State = %v, want %v", results[1].TaskInfo.State, TaskStateScheduled)
+	}
+
+	// Grouped task (index 3) should be rejected.
+	if results[3].Err == nil {
+		t.Error("results[3].Err is nil, want error for group task")
+	}
+
+	gotPending := h.GetPendingMessages(t, r, "default")
+	if len(gotPending) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("len(pending) = %d, want 3", len(gotPending))
+	}
+
+	gotScheduled := h.GetScheduledMessages(t, r, "default")
+	if len(gotScheduled) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("len(scheduled) = %d, want 1", len(gotScheduled))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchEnqueueContext_ValidationErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	setup(t)
+	client := NewClient(getRedisConnOpt(t))
+	defer client.Close()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		desc  string
+		tasks []*Task
+		opts  []Option
+	}{
+		{
+			desc:  "nil task",
+			tasks: []*Task{nil},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:  "empty task typename",
+			tasks: []*Task{NewTask("", []byte("payload"))},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:  "blank task typename",
+			tasks: []*Task{NewTask("   ", []byte("payload"))},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:  "invalid option: unique TTL less than 1s",
+			tasks: []*Task{NewTask("foo", nil)},
+			opts:  []Option{Unique(300 * time.Millisecond)},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:  "group task rejected",
+			tasks: []*Task{NewTask("foo", nil, Group("mygroup"))},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:  "unique task rejected",
+			tasks: []*Task{NewTask("foo", nil, Unique(time.Hour))},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		results := client.BatchEnqueueContext(context.Background(), tc.tasks, tc.opts...)
+		if len(results) != len(tc.tasks) {
+			t.Errorf("%s: got %d results, want %d", tc.desc, len(results), len(tc.tasks))
+			continue
+		}
+		for i, res := range results {
+			if res.Err == nil {
+				t.Errorf("%s: results[%d].Err = nil, want non-nil error", tc.desc, i)
+			}
+			if res.TaskInfo != nil {
+				t.Errorf("%s: results[%d].TaskInfo = %v, want nil", tc.desc, i, res.TaskInfo)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBatchEnqueueContext_BrokerError(t *testing.T) {
+	r := rdb.NewRDB(setup(t))
+	defer r.Close()
+	testBroker := testbroker.NewTestBroker(r)
+	client := &Client{broker: testBroker, sharedConnection: true}
+
+	tasks := []*Task{
+		NewTask("task1", []byte("p1")),
+		NewTask("task2", []byte("p2")),
+	}
+
+	testBroker.Sleep()
+	results := client.BatchEnqueueContext(context.Background(), tasks)
+	testBroker.Wakeup()
+
+	if len(results) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("BatchEnqueueContext returned %d results, want 2", len(results))
+	}
+	for i, res := range results {
+		if res.Err == nil {
+			t.Errorf("results[%d].Err = nil, want non-nil error when broker is down", i)
+		}
+		if res.TaskInfo != nil {
+			t.Errorf("results[%d].TaskInfo = %v, want nil on broker error", i, res.TaskInfo)
+		}
+	}
+}

inspector.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 package asynq
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -1002,6 +1003,13 @@ func parseOption(s string) (Option, error) {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		return Retention(d), nil
+	case "Header":
+		var h [2]string
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(arg), &h)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return Header(h[0], h[1]), nil
 	default:
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot not parse option string %q", s)
 	}

inspector_test.go

@@ -3526,6 +3526,7 @@ func TestParseOption(t *testing.T) {
 		{ProcessAt(oneHourFromNow).String(), ProcessAtOpt, oneHourFromNow},
 		{`ProcessIn(10m)`, ProcessInOpt, 10 * time.Minute},
 		{`Retention(24h)`, RetentionOpt, 24 * time.Hour},
+		{`Header(["email", "hello@example.com"])`, HeaderOpt, [2]string{"email", "hello@example.com"}},
 	}
 
 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -3573,6 +3574,14 @@ func TestParseOption(t *testing.T) {
 				if cmp.Equal(gotVal, tc.wantVal.(time.Time)) {
 					t.Fatalf("got value %v, want %v", gotVal, tc.wantVal)
 				}
+			case HeaderOpt:
+				gotVal, ok := got.Value().([2]string)
+				if !ok {
+					t.Fatal("returned Option with non array value")
+				}
+				if gotVal != tc.wantVal.([2]string) {
+					t.Fatalf("got value %v, want %v", gotVal, tc.wantVal)
+				}
 			default:
 				t.Fatalf("returned Option with unexpected type: %v", got.Type())
 			}

internal/base/base.go

@@ -684,6 +684,14 @@ func (l *Lease) IsValid() bool {
 	return l.expireAt.After(now) || l.expireAt.Equal(now)
 }
 
+// BatchEnqueueItem pairs a task message with optional scheduling metadata for
+// batch enqueue operations. If ProcessAt is zero, the task is enqueued for
+// immediate processing; otherwise it is added to the scheduled set.
+type BatchEnqueueItem struct {
+	Msg       *TaskMessage
+	ProcessAt time.Time // zero value → immediate
+}
+
 // Broker is a message broker that supports operations to manage task queues.
 //
 // See rdb.RDB as a reference implementation.
@@ -692,6 +700,12 @@ type Broker interface {
 	Close() error
 	Enqueue(ctx context.Context, msg *TaskMessage) error
 	EnqueueUnique(ctx context.Context, msg *TaskMessage, ttl time.Duration) error
+	// BatchEnqueue enqueues multiple tasks in a single round-trip. It returns the
+	// count of newly enqueued tasks; duplicate IDs are silently skipped. The error
+	// is non-nil only on infrastructure failure (e.g. lost connection), in which
+	// case the count is meaningless. Individual task scripts are atomic but the
+	// batch as a whole is not transactional — partial success is possible.
+	BatchEnqueue(ctx context.Context, items []BatchEnqueueItem) (int, error)
 	Dequeue(qnames ...string) (*TaskMessage, time.Time, error)
 	Done(ctx context.Context, msg *TaskMessage) error
 	MarkAsComplete(ctx context.Context, msg *TaskMessage) error

internal/rdb/rdb.go

@@ -139,6 +139,118 @@ func (r *RDB) Enqueue(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// BatchEnqueue adds all given tasks to Redis using a single pipeline round-trip.
+// Each item is either enqueued immediately (ProcessAt is zero) or added to the
+// scheduled sorted set.
+//
+// WARNING: tasks whose IDs already exist in Redis are silently skipped.
+//
+// The pipeline executes independent Lua scripts per task — there is no
+// MULTI/EXEC wrapping the batch, so individual tasks may succeed or fail
+// independently. The returned int is the number of tasks actually written;
+// skipped duplicates do not count. The returned error is non-nil only when the
+// pipeline call itself fails (network error, context cancellation, etc.), in
+// which case no individual result should be trusted.
+//
+// Message encoding errors cause an immediate return before any Redis I/O.
+func (r *RDB) BatchEnqueue(ctx context.Context, items []base.BatchEnqueueItem) (int, error) {
+	var op errors.Op = "rdb.BatchEnqueue"
+	if len(items) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
+	// Preload Lua scripts so that EVALSHA inside the pipeline does not fail with
+	// NOSCRIPT. Script.Run on a pipeline only sends EVALSHA (unlike non-pipeline
+	// Run which retries with EVAL on NOSCRIPT).
+	needsEnqueue, needsSchedule := false, false
+	for _, item := range items {
+		if item.ProcessAt.IsZero() {
+			needsEnqueue = true
+		} else {
+			needsSchedule = true
+		}
+		if needsEnqueue && needsSchedule {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if needsEnqueue {
+		if err := enqueueCmd.Load(ctx, r.client).Err(); err != nil {
+			return 0, errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, fmt.Sprintf("failed to load enqueue script: %v", err))
+		}
+	}
+	if needsSchedule {
+		if err := scheduleCmd.Load(ctx, r.client).Err(); err != nil {
+			return 0, errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, fmt.Sprintf("failed to load schedule script: %v", err))
+		}
+	}
+
+	pipe := r.client.Pipeline()
+
+	// Track which pipeline slot holds each item's script result.
+	scriptIdxs := make([]int, 0, len(items))
+	pipeLen := 0
+
+	// Track queues we add to AllQueues in this pipeline so we can roll back the
+	// in-memory cache on failure.
+	var newQueues []string
+
+	now := r.clock.Now().UnixNano()
+
+	for _, item := range items {
+		encoded, err := base.EncodeMessage(item.Msg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, fmt.Sprintf("cannot encode message: %v", err))
+		}
+		if _, found := r.queuesPublished.Load(item.Msg.Queue); !found {
+			pipe.SAdd(ctx, base.AllQueues, item.Msg.Queue)
+			r.queuesPublished.Store(item.Msg.Queue, true)
+			newQueues = append(newQueues, item.Msg.Queue)
+			pipeLen++
+		}
+
+		if item.ProcessAt.IsZero() {
+			keys := []string{
+				base.TaskKey(item.Msg.Queue, item.Msg.ID),
+				base.PendingKey(item.Msg.Queue),
+			}
+			argv := []interface{}{encoded, item.Msg.ID, now}
+			enqueueCmd.Run(ctx, pipe, keys, argv...)
+		} else {
+			keys := []string{
+				base.TaskKey(item.Msg.Queue, item.Msg.ID),
+				base.ScheduledKey(item.Msg.Queue),
+			}
+			argv := []interface{}{encoded, item.ProcessAt.Unix(), item.Msg.ID}
+			scheduleCmd.Run(ctx, pipe, keys, argv...)
+		}
+		scriptIdxs = append(scriptIdxs, pipeLen)
+		pipeLen++
+	}
+
+	cmds, err := pipe.Exec(ctx)
+	if err != nil && err != redis.Nil {
+		for _, q := range newQueues {
+			r.queuesPublished.Delete(q)
+		}
+		return 0, errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, fmt.Sprintf("redis pipeline error: %v", err))
+	}
+
+	enqueued := 0
+	for _, idx := range scriptIdxs {
+		if idx >= len(cmds) {
+			continue
+		}
+		res, err := cmds[idx].(*redis.Cmd).Result()
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		if n, ok := res.(int64); ok && n == 1 {
+			enqueued++
+		}
+	}
+	return enqueued, nil
+}
+
 // enqueueUniqueCmd enqueues the task message if the task is unique.
 //
 // KEYS[1] -> unique key
@@ -1488,6 +1600,7 @@ func (r *RDB) CancelationPubSub() (*redis.PubSub, error) {
 	pubsub := r.client.Subscribe(ctx, base.CancelChannel)
 	_, err := pubsub.Receive(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
+		pubsub.Close()
 		return nil, errors.E(op, errors.Unknown, fmt.Sprintf("redis pubsub receive error: %v", err))
 	}
 	return pubsub, nil

internal/rdb/rdb_test.go

@@ -160,6 +160,156 @@ func TestEnqueueTaskIdConflictError(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestBatchEnqueue(t *testing.T) {
+	r := setup(t)
+	defer r.Close()
+
+	t1 := h.NewTaskMessage("send_email", h.JSON(map[string]interface{}{"to": "user@example.com"}))
+	t2 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("generate_csv", h.JSON(map[string]interface{}{}), "csv")
+	t3 := h.NewTaskMessageWithQueue("sync", nil, "low")
+
+	enqueueTime := time.Now()
+	r.SetClock(timeutil.NewSimulatedClock(enqueueTime))
+
+	t.Run("enqueue multiple tasks", func(t *testing.T) {
+		h.FlushDB(t, r.client)
+		items := []base.BatchEnqueueItem{
+			{Msg: t1},
+			{Msg: t2},
+			{Msg: t3},
+		}
+
+		n, err := r.BatchEnqueue(context.Background(), items)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("BatchEnqueue returned error: %v", err)
+		}
+		if n != 3 {
+			t.Errorf("BatchEnqueue returned %d, want 3", n)
+		}
+
+		for _, item := range items {
+			msg := item.Msg
+			pendingKey := base.PendingKey(msg.Queue)
+			pendingIDs := r.client.LRange(context.Background(), pendingKey, 0, -1).Val()
+			found := false
+			for _, id := range pendingIDs {
+				if id == msg.ID {
+					found = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if !found {
+				t.Errorf("task %s not found in pending list %s", msg.ID, pendingKey)
+			}
+
+			taskKey := base.TaskKey(msg.Queue, msg.ID)
+			state := r.client.HGet(context.Background(), taskKey, "state").Val()
+			if state != "pending" {
+				t.Errorf("state for task %s = %q, want %q", msg.ID, state, "pending")
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("empty batch", func(t *testing.T) {
+		h.FlushDB(t, r.client)
+
+		n, err := r.BatchEnqueue(context.Background(), nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("BatchEnqueue(nil) returned error: %v", err)
+		}
+		if n != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("BatchEnqueue(nil) returned %d, want 0", n)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("duplicate IDs skipped", func(t *testing.T) {
+		h.FlushDB(t, r.client)
+
+		if err := r.Enqueue(context.Background(), t1); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("pre-enqueue failed: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		dup := *t1
+		newMsg := h.NewTaskMessage("new_task", nil)
+
+		items := []base.BatchEnqueueItem{
+			{Msg: &dup},
+			{Msg: newMsg},
+		}
+		n, err := r.BatchEnqueue(context.Background(), items)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("BatchEnqueue returned error: %v", err)
+		}
+		if n != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("BatchEnqueue returned %d, want 1 (duplicate should be skipped)", n)
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("scheduled tasks", func(t *testing.T) {
+		h.FlushDB(t, r.client)
+
+		future := time.Now().Add(1 * time.Hour)
+		s1 := h.NewTaskMessage("deferred_email", nil)
+		items := []base.BatchEnqueueItem{
+			{Msg: t1},
+			{Msg: s1, ProcessAt: future},
+		}
+
+		n, err := r.BatchEnqueue(context.Background(), items)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("BatchEnqueue returned error: %v", err)
+		}
+		if n != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("BatchEnqueue returned %d, want 2", n)
+		}
+
+		// Immediate task should be in pending.
+		pendingIDs := r.client.LRange(context.Background(), base.PendingKey(t1.Queue), 0, -1).Val()
+		foundPending := false
+		for _, id := range pendingIDs {
+			if id == t1.ID {
+				foundPending = true
+			}
+		}
+		if !foundPending {
+			t.Errorf("immediate task %s not found in pending list", t1.ID)
+		}
+
+		// Scheduled task should be in scheduled set.
+		scheduledIDs := r.client.ZRange(context.Background(), base.ScheduledKey(s1.Queue), 0, -1).Val()
+		foundScheduled := false
+		for _, id := range scheduledIDs {
+			if id == s1.ID {
+				foundScheduled = true
+			}
+		}
+		if !foundScheduled {
+			t.Errorf("scheduled task %s not found in scheduled set", s1.ID)
+		}
+
+		taskKey := base.TaskKey(s1.Queue, s1.ID)
+		state := r.client.HGet(context.Background(), taskKey, "state").Val()
+		if state != "scheduled" {
+			t.Errorf("state for scheduled task %s = %q, want %q", s1.ID, state, "scheduled")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("pipeline error from cancelled context", func(t *testing.T) {
+		h.FlushDB(t, r.client)
+
+		msg := h.NewTaskMessage("pipeline_error_task", nil)
+		items := []base.BatchEnqueueItem{{Msg: msg}}
+
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+		cancel()
+
+		_, err := r.BatchEnqueue(ctx, items)
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Error("BatchEnqueue with cancelled context returned nil error, want non-nil")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 func TestEnqueueQueueCache(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
 	defer r.Close()
@@ -3274,6 +3424,29 @@ func TestCancelationPubSub(t *testing.T) {
 	mu.Unlock()
 }
 
+func TestCancelationPubSubReceiveError(t *testing.T) {
+	// Use a client connected to a non-existent Redis server to trigger
+	// a Receive() error. This verifies that the pubsub connection is
+	// closed on error, preventing connection leaks.
+	client := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
+		Addr: "localhost:0", // invalid port — connection will fail
+	})
+	r := NewRDB(client)
+	defer r.Close()
+
+	pubsub, err := r.CancelationPubSub()
+	if err == nil {
+		// If no error, we must clean up the pubsub.
+		if pubsub != nil {
+			pubsub.Close()
+		}
+		t.Fatal("(*RDB).CancelationPubSub() expected to return an error when redis is unreachable")
+	}
+	if pubsub != nil {
+		t.Error("(*RDB).CancelationPubSub() expected nil pubsub on error")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestWriteResult(t *testing.T) {
 	r := setup(t)
 	defer r.Close()

internal/testbroker/testbroker.go

@@ -64,6 +64,15 @@ func (tb *TestBroker) EnqueueUnique(ctx context.Context, msg *base.TaskMessage,
 	return tb.real.EnqueueUnique(ctx, msg, ttl)
 }
 
+func (tb *TestBroker) BatchEnqueue(ctx context.Context, items []base.BatchEnqueueItem) (int, error) {
+	tb.mu.Lock()
+	defer tb.mu.Unlock()
+	if tb.sleeping {
+		return 0, errRedisDown
+	}
+	return tb.real.BatchEnqueue(ctx, items)
+}
+
 func (tb *TestBroker) Dequeue(qnames ...string) (*base.TaskMessage, time.Time, error) {
 	tb.mu.Lock()
 	defer tb.mu.Unlock()

tools/asynq/cmd/cron.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
 	"sort"
 	"time"
 
@@ -36,14 +35,14 @@ var cronListCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:     "list",
 	Aliases: []string{"ls"},
 	Short:   "List cron entries",
-	Run:     cronList,
+	RunE:    cronList,
 }
 
 var cronHistoryCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "history <entry_id> [<entry_id>...]",
 	Short: "Show history of each cron tasks",
 	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
-	Run:   cronHistory,
+	RunE:  cronHistory,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq cron history 7837f142-6337-4217-9276-8f27281b67d1
 		$ asynq cron history 7837f142-6337-4217-9276-8f27281b67d1 bf6a8594-cd03-4968-b36a-8572c5e160dd
@@ -51,17 +50,16 @@ var cronHistoryCmd = &cobra.Command{
 		$ asynq cron history 7837f142-6337-4217-9276-8f27281b67d1 --page=2`),
 }
 
-func cronList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func cronList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	inspector := createInspector()
 
 	entries, err := inspector.SchedulerEntries()
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not fetch scheduler entries: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	if len(entries) == 0 {
 		fmt.Println("No scheduler entries")
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 
 	// Sort entries by spec.
@@ -78,6 +76,7 @@ func cronList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		}
 	}
 	printTable(cols, printRows)
+	return nil
 }
 
 // Returns a string describing when the next enqueue will happen.
@@ -97,16 +96,14 @@ func prevEnqueue(prevEnqueuedAt time.Time) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%v ago", time.Since(prevEnqueuedAt).Round(time.Second))
 }
 
-func cronHistory(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func cronHistory(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	pageNum, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("page")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	pageSize, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("size")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	inspector := createInspector()
 	for i, entryID := range args {
@@ -136,4 +133,5 @@ func cronHistory(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		}
 		printTable(cols, printRows)
 	}
+	return nil
 }

tools/asynq/cmd/dash.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package cmd
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
@@ -32,14 +31,14 @@ var dashCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
         $ asynq dash
         $ asynq dash --refresh=3s`),
-	Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+	RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 		if flagPollInterval < 1*time.Second {
-			fmt.Println("error: --refresh cannot be less than 1s")
+			return fmt.Errorf("--refresh cannot be less than 1s")
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		dash.Run(dash.Options{
 			PollInterval: flagPollInterval,
 			RedisConnOpt: getRedisConnOpt(),
 		})
+		return nil
 	},
 }

tools/asynq/cmd/group.go

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ package cmd
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
 
 	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -31,22 +30,25 @@ var groupListCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Aliases: []string{"ls"},
 	Short:   "List groups",
 	Args:    cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:     groupLists,
+	RunE:    groupLists,
 }
 
-func groupLists(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func groupLists(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	inspector := createInspector()
 	groups, err := inspector.Groups(qname)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not fetch groups: %v", err)
+	}
 	if len(groups) == 0 {
 		fmt.Printf("No groups found in queue %q\n", qname)
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	for _, g := range groups {
 		fmt.Println(g.Group)
 	}
+	return nil
 }

tools/asynq/cmd/queue.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
 
 	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
 	"github.com/fatih/color"
@@ -44,16 +43,14 @@ var queueListCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:     "list",
 	Short:   "List queues",
 	Aliases: []string{"ls"},
-	// TODO: Use RunE instead?
+	RunE:    queueList,
-	Run: queueList,
 }
 
 var queueInspectCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "inspect <queue> [<queue>...]",
 	Short: "Display detailed information on one or more queues",
 	Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
-	// TODO: Use RunE instead?
+	RunE: queueInspect,
-	Run: queueInspect,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq queue inspect myqueue
 		$ asynq queue inspect queue1 queue2 queue3`),
@@ -63,7 +60,7 @@ var queueHistoryCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "history <queue> [<queue>...]",
 	Short: "Display historical aggregate data from one or more queues",
 	Args: cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
-	Run:   queueHistory,
+	RunE: queueHistory,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq queue history myqueue
 		$ asynq queue history queue1 queue2 queue3
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ var queuePauseCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "pause <queue> [<queue>...]",
 	Short: "Pause one or more queues",
 	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
-	Run:   queuePause,
+	RunE:  queuePause,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq queue pause myqueue
 		$ asynq queue pause queue1 queue2 queue3`),
@@ -85,7 +82,7 @@ var queueUnpauseCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Short:   "Resume (unpause) one or more queues",
 	Args:    cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
 	Aliases: []string{"unpause"},
-	Run:     queueUnpause,
+	RunE:    queueUnpause,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq queue resume myqueue
 		$ asynq queue resume queue1 queue2 queue3`),
@@ -96,14 +93,14 @@ var queueRemoveCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Short:   "Remove one or more queues",
 	Aliases: []string{"rm", "delete"},
 	Args:    cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
-	Run:     queueRemove,
+	RunE:    queueRemove,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq queue rm myqueue
 		$ asynq queue rm queue1 queue2 queue3
 		$ asynq queue rm myqueue --force`),
 }
 
-func queueList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func queueList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	type queueInfo struct {
 		name    string
 		keyslot int64
@@ -112,8 +109,7 @@ func queueList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	inspector := createInspector()
 	queues, err := inspector.Queues()
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: Could not fetch list of queues: %v\n", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not fetch list of queues: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	var qs []*queueInfo
 	for _, qname := range queues {
@@ -121,13 +117,13 @@ func queueList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		if useRedisCluster {
 			keyslot, err := inspector.ClusterKeySlot(qname)
 			if err != nil {
-				fmt.Errorf("error: Could not get cluster keyslot for %q\n", qname)
+				fmt.Printf("error: could not get cluster keyslot for %q\n", qname)
 				continue
 			}
 			q.keyslot = keyslot
 			nodes, err := inspector.ClusterNodes(qname)
 			if err != nil {
-				fmt.Errorf("error: Could not get cluster nodes for %q\n", qname)
+				fmt.Printf("error: could not get cluster nodes for %q\n", qname)
 				continue
 			}
 			q.nodes = nodes
@@ -148,9 +144,10 @@ func queueList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 			fmt.Println(q.name)
 		}
 	}
+	return nil
 }
 
-func queueInspect(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func queueInspect(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	inspector := createInspector()
 	for i, qname := range args {
 		if i > 0 {
@@ -163,6 +160,7 @@ func queueInspect(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		}
 		printQueueInfo(info)
 	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func printQueueInfo(info *asynq.QueueInfo) {
@@ -195,11 +193,10 @@ func printQueueInfo(info *asynq.QueueInfo) {
 	)
 }
 
-func queueHistory(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func queueHistory(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	days, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("days")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: Internal error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	inspector := createInspector()
 	for i, qname := range args {
@@ -214,6 +211,7 @@ func queueHistory(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		}
 		printDailyStats(stats)
 	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func printDailyStats(stats []*asynq.DailyStats) {
@@ -233,49 +231,63 @@ func printDailyStats(stats []*asynq.DailyStats) {
 	)
 }
 
-func queuePause(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func queuePause(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	inspector := createInspector()
+	var firstErr error
 	for _, qname := range args {
 		err := inspector.PauseQueue(qname)
 		if err != nil {
 			fmt.Println(err)
+			if firstErr == nil {
+				firstErr = err
+			}
 			continue
 		}
 		fmt.Printf("Successfully paused queue %q\n", qname)
 	}
+	return firstErr
 }
 
-func queueUnpause(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func queueUnpause(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	inspector := createInspector()
+	var firstErr error
 	for _, qname := range args {
 		err := inspector.UnpauseQueue(qname)
 		if err != nil {
 			fmt.Println(err)
+			if firstErr == nil {
+				firstErr = err
+			}
 			continue
 		}
 		fmt.Printf("Successfully unpaused queue %q\n", qname)
 	}
+	return firstErr
 }
 
-func queueRemove(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func queueRemove(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	// TODO: Use inspector once RemoveQueue become public API.
 	force, err := cmd.Flags().GetBool("force")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: Internal error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	r := createRDB()
+	var firstErr error
 	for _, qname := range args {
 		err = r.RemoveQueue(qname, force)
 		if err != nil {
 			if errors.IsQueueNotEmpty(err) {
 				fmt.Printf("error: %v\nIf you are sure you want to delete it, run 'asynq queue rm --force %s'\n", err, qname)
-				continue
+			} else {
-			}
 				fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			}
+			if firstErr == nil {
+				firstErr = err
+			}
 			continue
 		}
 		fmt.Printf("Successfully removed queue %q\n", qname)
 	}
+	return firstErr
 }

tools/asynq/cmd/root.go

@@ -487,35 +487,31 @@ func isPrintable(data []byte) bool {
 }
 
 // Helper to turn a command line flag into a duration
-func getDuration(cmd *cobra.Command, arg string) time.Duration {
+func getDuration(cmd *cobra.Command, arg string) (time.Duration, error) {
 	durationStr, err := cmd.Flags().GetString(arg)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return 0, err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	duration, err := time.ParseDuration(durationStr)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return 0, err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
-	return duration
+	return duration, nil
 }
 
 // Helper to turn a command line flag into a time
-func getTime(cmd *cobra.Command, arg string) time.Time {
+func getTime(cmd *cobra.Command, arg string) (time.Time, error) {
 	timeStr, err := cmd.Flags().GetString(arg)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return time.Time{}, err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	timeVal, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, timeStr)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return time.Time{}, err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
-	return timeVal
+	return timeVal, nil
 }

tools/asynq/cmd/server.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -44,20 +43,19 @@ The command shows the following for each server:
 
 A "active" server is pulling tasks from queues and processing them.
 A "stopped" server is no longer pulling new tasks from queues`,
-	Run: serverList,
+	RunE: serverList,
 }
 
-func serverList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func serverList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	r := createRDB()
 
 	servers, err := r.ListServers()
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not fetch list of servers: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	if len(servers) == 0 {
 		fmt.Println("No running servers")
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 
 	// sort by hostname and pid
@@ -80,6 +78,7 @@ func serverList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		}
 	}
 	printTable(cols, printRows)
+	return nil
 }
 
 func formatQueues(qmap map[string]int) string {

tools/asynq/cmd/stats.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ var statsCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	    * Aggregate data for the current day
 	    * Basic information about the running redis instance`),
 	Args: cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:  stats,
+	RunE: stats,
 }
 
 var jsonFlag bool
@@ -74,13 +74,12 @@ type FullStats struct {
 	RedisInfo  map[string]string `json:"redis"`
 }
 
-func stats(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func stats(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	r := createRDB()
 
 	queues, err := r.AllQueues()
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not fetch queues: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	var aggStats AggregateStats
@@ -88,8 +87,7 @@ func stats(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	for _, qname := range queues {
 		s, err := r.CurrentStats(qname)
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Println(err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not fetch stats for queue %q: %v", qname, err)
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		aggStats.Active += s.Active
 		aggStats.Pending += s.Pending
@@ -110,8 +108,7 @@ func stats(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		info, err = r.RedisInfo()
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not fetch redis info: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	if jsonFlag {
@@ -122,12 +119,11 @@ func stats(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		})
 
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Println(err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("could not marshal stats to JSON: %v", err)
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 
 		fmt.Println(string(statsJSON))
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 
 	bold := color.New(color.Bold)
@@ -151,6 +147,7 @@ func stats(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 		printInfo(info)
 	}
 	fmt.Println()
+	return nil
 }
 
 func printStatsByState(s *AggregateStats) {

tools/asynq/cmd/task.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package cmd
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/MakeNowJust/heredoc/v2"
@@ -120,14 +119,14 @@ var taskListCmd = &cobra.Command{
 		$ asynq task list --queue=myqueue --state=pending
 		$ asynq task list --queue=myqueue --state=aggregating --group=mygroup
 		$ asynq task list --queue=myqueue --state=scheduled --page=2`),
-	Run: taskList,
+	RunE: taskList,
 }
 
 var taskInspectCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "inspect --queue=<queue> --id=<task_id>",
 	Short: "Display detailed information on the specified task",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:   taskInspect,
+	RunE:  taskInspect,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq task inspect --queue=myqueue --id=f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f`),
 }
@@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ var taskCancelCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "cancel <task_id> [<task_id>...]",
 	Short: "Cancel one or more active tasks",
 	Args:  cobra.MinimumNArgs(1),
-	Run:   taskCancel,
+	RunE:  taskCancel,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq task cancel f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f`),
 }
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ var taskArchiveCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "archive --queue=<queue> --id=<task_id>",
 	Short: "Archive a task with the given id",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:   taskArchive,
+	RunE:  taskArchive,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq task archive --queue=myqueue --id=f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f`),
 }
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ var taskDeleteCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Aliases: []string{"remove", "rm"},
 	Short:   "Delete a task with the given id",
 	Args:    cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:     taskDelete,
+	RunE:    taskDelete,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq task delete --queue=myqueue --id=f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f`),
 }
@@ -164,7 +163,7 @@ var taskRunCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "run --queue=<queue> --id=<task_id>",
 	Short: "Run a task with the given id",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:   taskRun,
+	RunE:  taskRun,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq task run --queue=myqueue --id=f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f`),
 }
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ var taskEnqueueCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "enqueue --type_name=footype --payload=barpayload",
 	Short: "Enqueue a task",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:   taskEnqueue,
+	RunE:  taskEnqueue,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq task enqueue -t footype -l barpayload
 		$ asynq task enqueue -t footask -l barpayload --retry 3 --id f1720682-f5a6-4db1-8953-4f48ae541d0f --queue bazqueue --timeout 100s --deadline 2024-12-14T01:23:45Z --unique 100s --process_at 2024-12-14T01:22:05Z --process_in 100s --retention 5h --group baygroup`),
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ var taskArchiveAllCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "archiveall --queue=<queue> --state=<state>",
 	Short: "Archive all tasks in the given state",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:   taskArchiveAll,
+	RunE:  taskArchiveAll,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq task archiveall --queue=myqueue --state=retry
 		$ asynq task archiveall --queue=myqueue --state=aggregating --group=mygroup`),
@@ -193,7 +192,7 @@ var taskDeleteAllCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "deleteall --queue=<queue> --state=<state>",
 	Short: "Delete all tasks in the given state",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:   taskDeleteAll,
+	RunE:  taskDeleteAll,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq task deleteall --queue=myqueue --state=archived
 		$ asynq task deleteall --queue=myqueue --state=aggregating --group=mygroup`),
@@ -203,74 +202,66 @@ var taskRunAllCmd = &cobra.Command{
 	Use:   "runall --queue=<queue> --state=<state>",
 	Short: "Run all tasks in the given state",
 	Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
-	Run:   taskRunAll,
+	RunE:  taskRunAll,
 	Example: heredoc.Doc(`
 		$ asynq task runall --queue=myqueue --state=retry
 		$ asynq task runall --queue=myqueue --state=aggregating --group=mygroup`),
 }
 
-func taskList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func taskList(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	state, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("state")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	pageNum, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("page")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	pageSize, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("size")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	switch state {
 	case "active":
-		listActiveTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+		return listActiveTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
 	case "pending":
-		listPendingTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+		return listPendingTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
 	case "scheduled":
-		listScheduledTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+		return listScheduledTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
 	case "retry":
-		listRetryTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+		return listRetryTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
 	case "archived":
-		listArchivedTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+		return listArchivedTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
 	case "completed":
-		listCompletedTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
+		return listCompletedTasks(qname, pageNum, pageSize)
 	case "aggregating":
 		group, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("group")
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Println(err)
+			return err
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		if group == "" {
-			fmt.Println("Flag --group is required for listing aggregating tasks")
+			return fmt.Errorf("flag --group is required for listing aggregating tasks")
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
-		listAggregatingTasks(qname, group, pageNum, pageSize)
+		return listAggregatingTasks(qname, group, pageNum, pageSize)
 	default:
-		fmt.Printf("error: state=%q is not supported\n", state)
+		return fmt.Errorf("state=%q is not supported", state)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 }
 
-func listActiveTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+func listActiveTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) error {
 	i := createInspector()
 	tasks, err := i.ListActiveTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	if len(tasks) == 0 {
 		fmt.Printf("No active tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	printTable(
 		[]string{"ID", "Type", "Payload"},
@@ -280,18 +271,18 @@ func listActiveTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
 			}
 		},
 	)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func listPendingTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+func listPendingTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) error {
 	i := createInspector()
 	tasks, err := i.ListPendingTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	if len(tasks) == 0 {
 		fmt.Printf("No pending tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	printTable(
 		[]string{"ID", "Type", "Payload"},
@@ -301,18 +292,18 @@ func listPendingTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
 			}
 		},
 	)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func listScheduledTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+func listScheduledTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) error {
 	i := createInspector()
 	tasks, err := i.ListScheduledTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	if len(tasks) == 0 {
 		fmt.Printf("No scheduled tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	printTable(
 		[]string{"ID", "Type", "Payload", "Process In"},
@@ -322,6 +313,7 @@ func listScheduledTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
 			}
 		},
 	)
+	return nil
 }
 
 // formatProcessAt formats next process at time to human friendly string.
@@ -335,16 +327,15 @@ func formatProcessAt(processAt time.Time) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("in %v", d.Round(time.Second))
 }
 
-func listRetryTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+func listRetryTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) error {
 	i := createInspector()
 	tasks, err := i.ListRetryTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	if len(tasks) == 0 {
 		fmt.Printf("No retry tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	printTable(
 		[]string{"ID", "Type", "Payload", "Next Retry", "Last Error", "Last Failed", "Retried", "Max Retry"},
@@ -355,18 +346,18 @@ func listRetryTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
 			}
 		},
 	)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func listArchivedTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+func listArchivedTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) error {
 	i := createInspector()
 	tasks, err := i.ListArchivedTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	if len(tasks) == 0 {
 		fmt.Printf("No archived tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	printTable(
 		[]string{"ID", "Type", "Payload", "Last Failed", "Last Error"},
@@ -375,18 +366,18 @@ func listArchivedTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
 				fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, t.ID, t.Type, sprintBytes(t.Payload), formatPastTime(t.LastFailedAt), t.LastErr)
 			}
 		})
+	return nil
 }
 
-func listCompletedTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+func listCompletedTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) error {
 	i := createInspector()
 	tasks, err := i.ListCompletedTasks(qname, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	if len(tasks) == 0 {
 		fmt.Printf("No completed tasks in %q queue\n", qname)
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	printTable(
 		[]string{"ID", "Type", "Payload", "CompletedAt", "Result"},
@@ -395,18 +386,18 @@ func listCompletedTasks(qname string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
 				fmt.Fprintf(w, tmpl, t.ID, t.Type, sprintBytes(t.Payload), formatPastTime(t.CompletedAt), sprintBytes(t.Result))
 			}
 		})
+	return nil
 }
 
-func listAggregatingTasks(qname, group string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
+func listAggregatingTasks(qname, group string, pageNum, pageSize int) error {
 	i := createInspector()
 	tasks, err := i.ListAggregatingTasks(qname, group, asynq.PageSize(pageSize), asynq.Page(pageNum))
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Println(err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	if len(tasks) == 0 {
 		fmt.Printf("No aggregating tasks in group %q \n", group)
-		return
+		return nil
 	}
 	printTable(
 		[]string{"ID", "Type", "Payload", "Group"},
@@ -416,38 +407,42 @@ func listAggregatingTasks(qname, group string, pageNum, pageSize int) {
 			}
 		},
 	)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func taskCancel(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func taskCancel(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	i := createInspector()
+	var firstErr error
 	for _, id := range args {
 		if err := i.CancelProcessing(id); err != nil {
 			fmt.Printf("error: could not send cancelation signal: %v\n", err)
+			if firstErr == nil {
+				firstErr = err
+			}
 			continue
 		}
 		fmt.Printf("Sent cancelation signal for task %s\n", id)
 	}
+	return firstErr
 }
 
-func taskInspect(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func taskInspect(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	id, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("id")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	i := createInspector()
 	info, err := i.GetTaskInfo(qname, id)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not get task info: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	printTaskInfo(info)
+	return nil
 }
 
 func printTaskInfo(info *asynq.TaskInfo) {
@@ -486,80 +481,72 @@ func formatPastTime(t time.Time) string {
 	return t.Format(time.UnixDate)
 }
 
-func taskArchive(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func taskArchive(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	id, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("id")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	i := createInspector()
 	err = i.ArchiveTask(qname, id)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not archive task: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	fmt.Println("task archived")
+	return nil
 }
 
-func taskDelete(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func taskDelete(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	id, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("id")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	i := createInspector()
 	err = i.DeleteTask(qname, id)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not delete task: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	fmt.Println("task deleted")
+	return nil
 }
 
-func taskRun(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func taskRun(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	id, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("id")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	i := createInspector()
 	err = i.RunTask(qname, id)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not run task: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	fmt.Println("task is now pending")
+	return nil
 }
 
-func taskEnqueue(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func taskEnqueue(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	typeName, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("type_name")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	payload, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("payload")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	// For all of the optional flags, we need to explicitly check whether they were set or
@@ -569,8 +556,7 @@ func taskEnqueue(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	if cmd.Flags().Changed("retry") {
 		retry, err := cmd.Flags().GetInt("retry")
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			return err
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		opts = append(opts, asynq.MaxRetry(retry))
 	}
@@ -578,8 +564,7 @@ func taskEnqueue(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	if cmd.Flags().Changed("queue") {
 		queue, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			return err
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		opts = append(opts, asynq.Queue(queue))
 	}
@@ -587,41 +572,63 @@ func taskEnqueue(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	if cmd.Flags().Changed("id") {
 		id, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("id")
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			return err
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		opts = append(opts, asynq.TaskID(id))
 	}
 
 	if cmd.Flags().Changed("timeout") {
-		opts = append(opts, asynq.Timeout(getDuration(cmd, "timeout")))
+		d, err := getDuration(cmd, "timeout")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.Timeout(d))
 	}
 
 	if cmd.Flags().Changed("deadline") {
-		opts = append(opts, asynq.Deadline(getTime(cmd, "deadline")))
+		t, err := getTime(cmd, "deadline")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.Deadline(t))
 	}
 
 	if cmd.Flags().Changed("unique") {
-		opts = append(opts, asynq.Unique(getDuration(cmd, "unique")))
+		d, err := getDuration(cmd, "unique")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.Unique(d))
 	}
 
 	if cmd.Flags().Changed("process_at") {
-		opts = append(opts, asynq.ProcessAt(getTime(cmd, "process_at")))
+		t, err := getTime(cmd, "process_at")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.ProcessAt(t))
 	}
 
 	if cmd.Flags().Changed("process_in") {
-		opts = append(opts, asynq.ProcessIn(getDuration(cmd, "process_in")))
+		d, err := getDuration(cmd, "process_in")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.ProcessIn(d))
 	}
 
 	if cmd.Flags().Changed("retention") {
-		opts = append(opts, asynq.Retention(getDuration(cmd, "retention")))
+		d, err := getDuration(cmd, "retention")
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		opts = append(opts, asynq.Retention(d))
 	}
 
 	if cmd.Flags().Changed("group") {
 		group, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("group")
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			return err
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		opts = append(opts, asynq.Group(group))
 	}
@@ -631,23 +638,21 @@ func taskEnqueue(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 
 	taskInfo, err := c.Enqueue(task)
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not enqueue task: %v", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	fmt.Printf("Enqueued task %s to queue %s\n", taskInfo.ID, taskInfo.Queue)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func taskArchiveAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func taskArchiveAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	state, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("state")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	i := createInspector()
@@ -662,35 +667,35 @@ func taskArchiveAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	case "aggregating":
 		group, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("group")
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			return err
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		if group == "" {
-			fmt.Println("error: Flag --group is required for aggregating tasks")
+			return fmt.Errorf("flag --group is required for aggregating tasks")
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		n, err = i.ArchiveAllAggregatingTasks(qname, group)
-	default:
-		fmt.Printf("error: unsupported state %q\n", state)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
 		if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		fmt.Printf("%d tasks archived\n", n)
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported state %q", state)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("%d tasks archived\n", n)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func taskDeleteAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func taskDeleteAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	state, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("state")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	i := createInspector()
@@ -709,35 +714,35 @@ func taskDeleteAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	case "aggregating":
 		group, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("group")
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			return err
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		if group == "" {
-			fmt.Println("error: Flag --group is required for aggregating tasks")
+			return fmt.Errorf("flag --group is required for aggregating tasks")
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		n, err = i.DeleteAllAggregatingTasks(qname, group)
-	default:
-		fmt.Printf("error: unsupported state %q\n", state)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
 		if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		fmt.Printf("%d tasks deleted\n", n)
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported state %q", state)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("%d tasks deleted\n", n)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func taskRunAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+func taskRunAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	qname, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("queue")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 	state, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("state")
 	if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+		return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
 	i := createInspector()
@@ -752,21 +757,23 @@ func taskRunAll(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 	case "aggregating":
 		group, err := cmd.Flags().GetString("group")
 		if err != nil {
-			fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			return err
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		if group == "" {
-			fmt.Println("error: Flag --group is required for aggregating tasks")
+			return fmt.Errorf("flag --group is required for aggregating tasks")
-			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		n, err = i.RunAllAggregatingTasks(qname, group)
-	default:
-		fmt.Printf("error: unsupported state %q\n", state)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
 		if err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("error: %v\n", err)
+			return err
-		os.Exit(1)
 		}
 		fmt.Printf("%d tasks are now pending\n", n)
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported state %q", state)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fmt.Printf("%d tasks are now pending\n", n)
+	return nil
 }